Synonyms: zit (informal), spot (British informal). Acne is the medical condition involving many pimples.
a small inflamed spot on the skin
Teenagers often get pimples on their face.
A famous concern for tourists in crowded European cities (Barcelona, Paris, Rome).
a person who steals from people's pockets, especially in crowds
Beware of pickpockets in the market.
Pronunciation varies: /ˈpiːənɪst/ (more common) or /piˈænɪst/ (also accepted). Famous example: Rachmaninoff.
a person who plays the piano
She has been a professional pianist for thirty years.
Singular (despite the -s ending). Almost always fatal once symptoms appear, but preventable with prompt post-exposure vaccination.
a contagious and fatal viral disease of mammals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, that causes madness and convulsions
Stray dogs in the area were vaccinated against rabies.
"Three-ring binder" / "ring binder" are common varieties.
a cover with rings or a clamp for holding loose sheets of paper together
She organized her notes in a black binder.
British term. American equivalent: gasoline or gas. Both shorten to the same etymology (Greek petra + Latin oleum, "rock oil").
(British) gasoline; the refined fuel used in vehicles
The car runs out of petrol quickly on the highway.
American: gas station.
(British) a roadside place where petrol is sold
We stopped at a petrol station to fill up.
American: gas tank or fuel tank.
(British) the container in a vehicle that holds petrol
The petrol tank holds about 50 liters.
to continue firmly in an action despite difficulty
She persisted in her studies despite obstacles.
to continue to exist
The problem persists despite our efforts.
In computing, "persistence" = the property of data outliving the process that created it.
the continued or prolonged existence of something
His persistence eventually paid off.
in a way that continues for a long time despite difficulties
She persistently asked for the promotion until she got it.
"Persistent" can be positive (determined) or negative (annoyingly continual, like a cough or a stalker).
continuing firmly despite opposition
She has a persistent cough.
Strong insult. Originally vulgar slang for a used condom; meaning generalized.
(vulgar) a contemptible or despicable person
Anyone who steals from charity is a scumbag.
to maintain (something) in its original or existing state
They want to preserve the historic building.
to treat (food) so that it can be kept for a long time
She preserves fruit by making jam.
a substance used to keep food, wood, or other materials from decaying
This bread contains no artificial preservatives.
"Historic preservation" - the movement to protect old buildings and sites.
the action of maintaining something in its original state
The society is dedicated to the preservation of local wildlife.
Stress on second syllable for verb. Past tense: permitted.
to officially allow (someone or something) to do something
Smoking is not permitted in the building.
Stress shifts to first syllable for noun.
an official document giving permission to do something
You need a permit to build here.
allowed by law or rules
It is not permissible to park here.
the action of officially allowing something
You need parental permission to attend.
Often disapproving when applied to parenting or society.
allowing or characterized by great freedom of behavior, often more than is wise
He had permissive parents who set few rules.
"Perish the thought" (formal) = I hope it never happens.
(formal) to die, especially in a violent or sudden way
Many passengers perished in the shipwreck.
(of rubber or food) to deteriorate or rot
The seals had perished from age.
likely to decay or spoil quickly
Perishable food must be kept cold.
dead, ruined, or spoiled
The perished rubber seal had to be replaced.
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation. "DNR" = Do Not Resuscitate.
to revive (someone) from unconsciousness or apparent death
Paramedics resuscitated the patient at the scene.
"CPR" = cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
the action of reviving someone from unconsciousness or apparent death
The paramedics began resuscitation immediately.
In finance, a "candlestick chart" displays price movements with bar shapes resembling candles. Also the game Clue/Cluedo has a candlestick as a murder weapon.
a stand or holder for a candle
A pair of silver candlesticks stood on the mantelpiece.
Most common in the automotive industry. Contrast with OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer).
the secondary market for spare parts and accessories sold after the original sale of a product
He installed aftermarket wheels on his car.
From Latin pendere ("to hang"). "Pendulum swings" = a cyclical change of opinion/policy.
a weight hung from a fixed point so that it can swing freely, especially in a clock
The pendulum of the grandfather clock swung steadily.
hanging down loosely
The tree's pendulous branches reached the ground.
"Patent pending" = a patent application has been filed but not yet granted.
awaiting decision or settlement
The case is pending in the courts.
until (something specified happens)
He was released on bail pending trial.
Homophones: peak, pique. "Sneak peek" = a preview.
to look quickly or surreptitiously, especially through a narrow opening
She peeked through the curtains.
a quick or stealthy look
Take a peek at the surprise.
Spelled "peekaboo" (American) or "peep-bo" (British).
a game played with a small child in which one hides one's face and then suddenly reveals it
The baby giggled when his father played peekaboo.
Larger than gravel, smaller than a cobblestone. "Pebble beach" = a beach covered with pebbles instead of sand.
a small smooth round stone, especially one worn by water
He skipped pebbles across the lake.
In dogs, inbreeding to maintain pure breeds has caused many genetic health problems.
the breeding of closely related individuals, which can produce genetic problems
Inbreeding caused health issues in the royal family.
In governments using the British/parliamentary system, ministers head departments (Foreign Minister, Health Minister, etc.). The American equivalent is "secretary" (Secretary of State, etc.).
a head of a government department
The minister announced new policies.
a clergyman, especially in a Protestant church
The minister gave a moving sermon.
Always "minister to".
to attend to the needs of someone
She ministered to the sick and dying.
relating to a government minister or ministry
He held several ministerial positions in his career.
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs" / "Ministry of Defense": common in non-US governments (US uses "Department"). "Ministry of Magic": fictional in Harry Potter.
a government department headed by a minister
He works at the ministry of education.
Famous: the British Parliament at Westminster. The collective noun for owls is also "a parliament of owls" (Lewis Carroll).
the highest legislative body in a country
Parliament voted on the new tax bill.
a member of parliament, or an expert in parliamentary procedure
He was a skilled parliamentarian.
relating to, enacted by, or suitable for a parliament
Parliamentary elections.
British spelling; American: paralyze. Related noun: paralysis. "Analysis paralysis" = inability to act due to overthinking.
to cause (a person) to lose the ability to move
The accident paralysed him from the waist down.
to bring to a standstill
The strike paralysed the city.
American spelling; British: paralyse.
to cause (a person) to lose the ability to move
The accident paralyzed him from the waist down.
to bring to a standstill
The strike paralyzed the city.
"Analysis paralysis" = inability to act due to overthinking.
the loss of the ability to move part or most of the body
The injury resulted in permanent paralysis.
Famous: the "Liar's Paradox" ("This statement is false"). "Zeno's paradoxes" in mathematics.
a statement or situation that contradicts itself yet may be true
It is a paradox that the more we have, the more we want.
seemingly absurd or self-contradictory
It seems paradoxical, but spending money can sometimes save money.
"On paper" = in theory. "Paper trail" = a documented record. "Throw paper" (slang) = spend cash.
(uncountable) material for writing or printing on, made from wood pulp
Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
(countable) a newspaper
Have you seen today's paper?
(countable) an academic essay or research article
She presented her paper at the conference.
Antonym: hardback (hardcover). Paperbacks are usually cheaper and released months after the hardcover.
a book bound in a flexible paper cover
She bought the paperback edition.
resembling paper in thinness or texture
The old woman's papery skin was wrinkled with age.
"Put the pedal to the metal" (informal) = drive very fast.
a foot-operated lever used to control or power a machine
She pressed down on the gas pedal.
to move a bicycle by pushing the pedals
He pedaled up the steep hill.
The ozone layer (in the stratosphere) absorbs most of the sun's harmful UV radiation. Ozone-depleting CFCs were banned by the Montreal Protocol (1987).
a colorless gas with a strong smell, a form of oxygen with three atoms per molecule (O3)
The ozone layer protects Earth from UV rays.
Famous saying: "The world is your oyster" (from Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor). London's "Oyster card" is the contactless public-transit card.
a marine mollusk with a rough irregular shell, some of which produce pearls and many of which are eaten as a delicacy
They served raw oysters on ice.
to work too hard, or cause someone to work too hard
She overworked and made herself ill.
excessive work
He suffered from exhaustion due to overwork.
Verb stresses second syllable; noun stresses first.
to extend over so as to cover partly
The tiles should overlap by an inch.
to coincide partly in time or content
Our schedules overlap on Tuesday afternoons.
a part where two things extend over and cover one another
There is a significant overlap between the two studies.
Past tense: overheard. Implies hearing unintentionally; distinct from "eavesdrop" (deliberate).
to hear (something said by others) without their knowledge
I overheard them talking about the surprise party.
Past tense: overdid; past participle: overdone.
to do something to excess
Don't overdo it at the gym on your first day.
(of food) cooked too much
The steak was overdone.
presented or used to excess
Her makeup looked overdone.
Vulgar American slang.
(vulgar) a stupid or contemptible person
Don't be such a dipshit.
Same root as "gentle" and "genteel". Historical class above commoners but below nobility.
(historical) people of high social class, especially the upper class below the nobility
The country gentry attended the ball.
Often controversial: gentrification can displace existing lower-income residents.
to renovate and improve (an urban area) so that it conforms to middle-class taste, often displacing original residents
The old neighborhood has been gentrified.
the process of renovating a district so it conforms to middle-class taste, often displacing original residents
Gentrification has driven up rents across the neighborhood.
Always plural. Often "on the outskirts of".
the outer parts of a town or city
They live on the outskirts of Tokyo.
Always with "the". "From the outset" / "at the outset".
the start or beginning
The plan was doomed from the outset.
to be more numerous than
Women outnumber men in this profession.
"Microsoft Outlook" = the email/calendar software.
a person's point of view or general attitude
She has a positive outlook on life.
the likely future situation
The economic outlook is uncertain.
Two distinct senses: personality vs. departing-from-office.
friendly and socially confident
She's a very outgoing person.
leaving an office or position
The outgoing president gave a farewell speech.
Common collocations: "outbreak of disease", "outbreak of violence", "outbreak of war".
a sudden occurrence of something unwelcome
There has been an outbreak of measles in the school.
1 oz ≈ 28.35 g. Common American measurement. "Fluid ounce" is a different unit (volume).
a unit of weight equal to one-sixteenth of a pound (about 28 grams)
Add four ounces of butter to the recipe.
a very small amount
There's not an ounce of truth in that story.
Many famous fictional orphans: Oliver Twist, Harry Potter, Anne of Green Gables.
a child whose parents are dead
The war left thousands of orphans.
Largely replaced in developed countries by foster care systems.
an institution that houses and cares for orphans
She grew up in a Catholic orphanage.
Related noun: ornament. Antonym: plain, austere.
elaborately or excessively decorated
The cathedral has an ornate gold altar.
"Country of origin" = where something was made or where someone is from. "Origin story" (modern) = a character's backstory in fiction.
the point or place where something begins
The origin of the rumor is unknown.
a person's social background or ancestry
She is of Irish origin.
present from the beginning; first
The original plan was much simpler.
created directly by a person, not copied
The museum displays the original manuscript.
new and inventive
She has a very original mind.
the earliest form of something, from which copies are made
Please return the original; keep a copy.
Often "originate from" or "originate in".
to have a specified beginning
The custom originated in ancient Egypt.
a person who creates or starts something
He was the originator of the movement.
"Originally from": common way to state birthplace. Often contrasts with current state: "originally a barn, now a house".
in the beginning; at first
He was originally from Boston.
"Towards" (with -s) is the British spelling; "toward" (without -s) is more common in American English. Both are correct.
in the direction of
She walked towards the door.
as regards; in relation to
His attitude towards work has changed.
as a contribution to
They donated $500 towards the new library.
From Latin oriens (rising sun, the east). Maps were traditionally drawn with east at the top: hence "to orient" = to align with the east.
to align or position relative to a reference point
He oriented the map to face north.
to familiarize someone with new surroundings
It took her a few days to orient herself in the new city.
British variant of "orient"; American English prefers the shorter "orient".
(British) to orient
He paused to orientate himself.
British form; AmE uses "oriented".
directed toward or interested in something
This course is more practically orientated.
Often in compounds: "detail-oriented", "goal-oriented", "customer-oriented".
directed toward or interested in a particular thing
She's very career-oriented.
"Sexual orientation" = a person's pattern of romantic/sexual attraction.
the determination of one's position relative to surroundings
He lost his orientation in the dark.
a person's basic attitude or inclination
The course has a strong practical orientation.
introductory training for new members
New employees attend a two-day orientation.
Latin: "in glass". Opposite of "in vivo" (in a living organism). "IVF" = in vitro fertilization.
(of biological processes) taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism
They performed in vitro fertilization.
outside the body, in artificial conditions
The cells were grown in vitro.
to raise the spirits of; encourage
The speech uplifted the entire audience.
Also a geological term (vertical movement of the earth's surface).
an act of raising or being raised, especially morally or spiritually
Her words gave him a much-needed sense of uplift.
emotionally elevated or encouraged
She felt uplifted after the meeting.
morally or spiritually encouraging
It was an uplifting story about overcoming adversity.
Popular in deserts, mountains, and forest trails, much like its derived forms below.
relating to or suitable for use away from paved roads
They took an off-road trip through the desert.
Popular in deserts, mountains, and forest trails. Common vehicles: Jeeps, ATVs, dirt bikes.
the activity of driving on rough, unpaved terrain
He spent the weekend off-roading in the desert.
a person who drives off-road, or a vehicle built for off-road driving
Serious off-roaders carry recovery gear.
Often abbreviated ORV. Distinct from SUV: SUVs are road-legal but not necessarily designed for serious off-road use.
a vehicle designed for use on unpaved or rough terrain
The park bans off-road vehicles to protect wildlife.
"Rack" was also a medieval torture device, hence "rack one's brains" = to think intensely (cause oneself mental pain).
a framework with bars or pegs for holding things
He placed his coat on the rack.
(historical) an instrument of torture that stretched the victim
Prisoners were tortured on the rack.
"Rack up" (informal) = accumulate.
to cause great physical or mental suffering to
He was racked by guilt.
From French boutique (small shop). Often used attributively: "boutique hotel", "boutique firm" = small and specialized.
a small shop selling fashionable clothes or accessories
She owns a boutique in the old part of town.
Term coined in the 1980s. Typically smaller (under 100 rooms) and more design-focused than chain hotels. Famous early examples: Morgans Hotel (NY), The Mercer.
a small stylish hotel, often with a distinctive theme
They stayed at a charming boutique hotel.
a consequence, effect, or outcome
The results of the experiment surprised everyone.
"Result in" = lead to. "Result from" = be caused by.
to occur as a consequence
The accident resulted in three injuries.
Formal/technical register; in everyday speech, "resulting" is more common.
occurring as a result
The fire and the resultant damage cost millions.
Etymology disputed but often traced to Charles Lynch, an 18th-century American judge. Historically associated with racial violence in the American South.
(of a mob) to kill (someone) for an alleged offense without a legal trial, especially by hanging
The crowd threatened to lynch him on the spot.
From 'lynch' = to kill (often hang) someone without a trial. Figurative: any angry crowd bent on punishment.
a crowd of people who seek to kill or punish someone without a legal trial
The accused man was nearly seized by a lynch mob.
neatly and methodically arranged
The papers were stacked in orderly piles.
well-behaved and peaceful
The crowd remained orderly throughout the protest.
In hospitals, orderlies do non-medical work like moving patients and equipment.
a hospital attendant who performs non-medical tasks
An orderly wheeled her down to X-ray.
Originally a medieval method of judgment by physical test ("trial by ordeal"). Modern meaning is metaphorical.
a painful or horrific experience
The hostages spoke of their three-week ordeal.
From Latin opprimere (to press down).
to keep (people) in subservience by the unjust use of authority or force
The dictator oppressed his people for decades.
subjected to harsh or unfair treatment
She fought to free oppressed minorities.
prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control
The novel describes life under colonial oppression.
Also used metaphorically of weather ("oppressive heat") or atmosphere ("oppressive silence").
unjustly harsh; cruel
They lived under an oppressive regime.
weighing heavily on the mind or spirits
The heat in the small room was oppressive.
a person or group that treats others cruelly or unfairly
They rose up against their oppressors.
Two main senses: to run a machine/business, and to perform surgery.
to control the functioning of (a machine or business)
She operates the heavy machinery.
to perform surgery
The doctors operated on him for six hours.
The specialized table on which surgical operations are performed.
a table in a hospital on which a patient lies during surgery
The patient was wheeled onto the operating table.
in or ready for use
The new airport will be operational by June.
relating to the routine functioning of something
There are several operational difficulties to resolve.
"The operative word" = the most relevant word in a phrase.
in operation; functioning
The new law becomes operative next month.
Common in spy/intelligence contexts: "CIA operative".
a secret agent or spy
He worked as an operative in Eastern Europe.
a person who operates equipment or a machine
She works as a crane operator.
a person or company that runs a business
The cell phone operator raised its rates.
"Operating system" (OS) = the core software that runs a computer. "Operating costs" = the ongoing expenses of running a business.
functioning; in use
The operating costs are too high.
American term; abbreviated OR. British equivalent: operating theatre.
(American) a room in a hospital where surgical operations are performed
She was rushed to the operating room.
British term; American equivalent: operating room. So called because early surgeries were performed in amphitheater-like rooms with tiered seating for medical students.
(British) a room in a hospital where surgical operations are performed
The patient was taken into the operating theatre.
"Operation" can mean a surgery, a business activity, or a military mission. "In operation" = functioning.
the action of functioning
The machine is in operation.
a surgical procedure
She had an operation on her knee.
an organized activity involving several people
The military launched a rescue operation.
not able to be suitably operated on; not able to be used or operated
An inoperable tumor.
Comparative: younger /ˈjʌŋɡər/. Superlative: youngest. "The young" (as a noun) = young people collectively. "Young at heart" = mentally young regardless of age.
having lived or existed for only a short time
She has two young children.
inexperienced or immature
He is still young in the business.
Slightly old-fashioned or affectionate. Often used by older speakers about teens or children. Synonyms: kid, youth, juvenile.
a young person, especially a child
The youngsters played in the park all afternoon.
"Youth is wasted on the young": Shaw quote. "Fountain of youth": mythical source of eternal youth. "Youth hostel": budget lodging.
the period of being young
She had a happy youth.
Often used as a compliment ("youthful skin", "youthful energy"). "Youthful indiscretions": euphemism for past mistakes.
young or seeming young
She has a youthful appearance.
From Greek oktopous (eight-footed). Plural can be "octopuses" or "octopi" (both accepted; "octopuses" is more etymologically correct since the word is Greek, not Latin).
a sea creature with a soft body and eight tentacles
The diver photographed a giant Pacific octopus.
From Latin amicus (friend). Don't confuse with "amiable" (friendly in disposition): "amicable" describes the relationship; "amiable" describes the person.
characterized by friendliness and absence of conflict
They reached an amicable settlement.
Two senses. Purists insist only "make worse" is correct, but "to annoy" is fully accepted in modern English.
to make (a problem or condition) worse
Scratching only aggravates the rash.
(informal) to annoy or exasperate
His constant whining aggravated her.
In law, "aggravated assault" = an attack with intent to cause serious harm, more serious than simple assault.
(of an offense) made more serious by attendant circumstances
He was charged with aggravated robbery.
Past tense: occurred (double r). "It occurs to me" = the thought comes to my mind.
to happen; take place
The accident occurred at midnight.
Spelled with TWO r's: easy to misspell.
an incident or event
Earthquakes are a rare occurrence here.
Usually negative. Synonyms: stubborn, mulish, inflexible.
stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action
He is too obstinate to admit he was wrong.
stubborn refusal to change one's opinion or course of action
His obstinacy frustrated the negotiators.
From Latin obsidere (to besiege). Originally meant to be haunted by a demon.
to preoccupy or fill the mind of (someone) continually
He obsessed over every detail of the plan.
Often "obsessed with". Casual modern usage softens the meaning ("I'm obsessed with this song" = I love it).
completely preoccupied with someone or something
She's obsessed with the new TV show.
the state of being obsessed; an idea that dominates the mind
His obsession with money cost him his friendships.
Less common than "obsessive"; sometimes synonymous, sometimes more clinical.
of or marked by obsession
He has an obsessional fear of germs.
"OCD" = obsessive-compulsive disorder.
of the nature of an obsession
She is obsessive about cleanliness.
in an obsessive way
He checked the door obsessively before leaving.
"Much obliged" = thank you (somewhat formal/dated).
to make (someone) legally or morally bound to do something
The law obliges employers to pay overtime.
to do a small service for someone
She was happy to oblige with a signature.
More formal/legal than "oblige". In American English often used interchangeably with "oblige".
to require (someone) by law or duty
The contract obligates them to deliver by Friday.
bound or required to do something
I felt obligated to help her.
a duty or commitment
She has family obligations to consider.
Often used ironically for things that are expected but not strictly required ("the obligatory selfie").
required by law, rule, or custom
Attendance at the meeting is obligatory.
American term for the breakfast porridge. Brand-name: Quaker Oats. Also refers to a beige-gray color.
(American) ground or rolled oats; a hot breakfast cereal made from them
He eats oatmeal with brown sugar every morning.
British term for what Americans call oatmeal. Famous from "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" (too hot, too cold, just right). British slang: "doing porridge" = serving a prison sentence.
(British) a hot dish of oats boiled with water or milk
He had porridge with honey for breakfast.
Plural: oases /oʊˈeɪsiːz/. Often used figuratively ("an oasis of calm"). Also a famous British rock band.
a fertile spot in a desert where water is found
The travelers stopped to rest at an oasis.
a pleasant or peaceful area in the midst of something difficult
The park was an oasis of green in the busy city.
Two distinct senses. The music-school sense (from Italian conservatorio) gave rise to famous institutions: Paris Conservatoire, Juilliard, Royal College of Music.
a room with glass walls and roof attached to a house, used for growing plants
They added a conservatory at the back of the house.
a school of music or drama
She studied piano at the Boston Conservatory.
"Nature vs. nurture" = the classic debate on whether genes or upbringing shape personality.
to care for and encourage the growth or development of
She nurtures her students' creativity.
the upbringing, education, and environment that shape a person
The role of nurture in child development is widely studied.
"Nude" sounds more clinical/artistic; "naked" is more direct and everyday. Compare: "nude figure drawing" vs. "naked baby".
wearing no clothes; naked, especially in artistic or formal contexts
The painting shows a nude woman reclining on a couch.
"The naked eye" = without a microscope or telescope. "The naked truth" = the plain unvarnished truth.
without clothes
He ran naked into the sea.
undisguised; plain
It was a naked display of greed.
the state of being nude
The film was rated R for graphic nudity.
From Latin nucleus (kernel, little nut). Plural: nuclei /ˈnuːkliaɪ/. Adjective: nuclear.
the central and most important part of something
These four players formed the nucleus of the team.
(physics) the positively charged central part of an atom
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
(biology) the structure within a cell that contains DNA
The nucleus controls the cell's activities.
From Old French norir (to feed). Often used metaphorically for emotions and ideas.
to provide with food and other substances necessary for growth and health
Plants need sunlight to nourish them.
to keep (a feeling or belief) in one's mind
She nourished hopes of returning home.
Common compounds: "well-nourished", "under-nourished", "malnourished".
the food and other substances needed for growth and health
The patient was too weak to take any nourishment.
Compare with "permit" (slightly more formal) and "let" (less formal).
to give permission for; to make possible
The new policy allows remote work.
to set aside or provide (time, money, etc.)
Allow two hours for the journey.
to admit or concede that something is true
I'll allow that you have a point.
"Allowance": common for child weekly money in US. "Make allowances for": be lenient considering circumstances.
a small amount of money given regularly
His parents give him a weekly allowance.
Always negative: distinct from "famous" (which is neutral or positive). "Notorious B.I.G." (rapper) leans into the dangerous-glamour connotation.
famous for a bad quality or deed
He's notorious for being late to meetings.
the state, quality, or character of being notorious or widely known
The song brought him sudden notoriety.
"Notably" (adverb) is also very common.
worthy of attention or notice; remarkable
She made a notable contribution to the field.
a famous or important person
Several notables attended the reception.
in a way that is worthy of attention; in particular
Several guests, most notably the mayor, arrived late.
American term. British equivalent: short-sighted. Medical term: myopic (already in JSONL as myopia family).
(American) able to see clearly only at short distances
He has been near-sighted since childhood.
British equivalent of "near-sighted". Also widely used metaphorically (= lacking foresight) in both AmE and BrE.
(British) near-sighted
She is short-sighted and needs glasses.
lacking foresight or consideration of long-term consequences
It was a short-sighted decision to cut research funding.
Distinct from "patriotism": patriotism is usually positive (love of country); nationalism often carries negative connotations of excessive devotion or superiority.
identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, sometimes to the exclusion of others
The rise of nationalism worried many observers.
a person who strongly identifies with their own nation and vigorously supports its interests
A fervent nationalist.
relating to or supporting nationalism
The party ran on a nationalist platform.
From Latin navigare (to sail). Now commonly used metaphorically ("navigate a website", "navigate a difficult relationship").
to plan and direct the course of a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle
He navigated by the stars.
to find a way through (a difficult situation)
It took her years to navigate the legal system.
the process of accurately determining one's position and planning a route
The ship's navigation systems failed.
relating to navigation
The pilot used navigational charts.
Famous navigators: Magellan, Columbus, Cook. Also Lincoln Navigator: the SUV.
a person who navigates a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle
The navigator plotted the course.
Mnemonic: "i before e except after c", but "seize" is a notorious exception. "Seize the day" = carpe diem.
to take hold of suddenly and forcibly
He seized the rope and held on.
to take (an opportunity) eagerly
She seized the chance to study abroad.
to take possession of by official authority
Police seized large quantities of drugs.
a sudden attack of illness, especially a stroke or epileptic fit
He had a seizure and was rushed to the hospital.
the action of capturing someone or something using force
The seizure of the contraband was a major win for police.
Often appears in legal/sexual contexts: "nonconsensual sex" = sexual activity without consent (= sexual assault).
not agreed to by all parties involved
The report described a pattern of nonconsensual conduct.
Past tense: compelled (double l). Stronger than "force" in formal/written register, but often interchangeable.
to force (someone) to do something
The court compelled him to testify.
A "compelling argument/story/reason": the most common collocations.
evoking strong interest or attention; not able to be resisted
She made a compelling argument for the change.
(uncountable) the action or state of forcing or being forced to do something
He paid the fine under compulsion.
(countable) an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way
She had a compulsion to count everything.
"OCD" = Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
resulting from or relating to an irresistible urge
He is a compulsive liar.
irresistibly interesting
The series is compulsive viewing.
Antonym: optional, voluntary.
required by law or a rule; obligatory
Education is compulsory until age 16.
Literal sense (water flow) is dangerous to swimmers; figurative sense (hidden feeling) is more common in everyday English.
a current of water flowing below the surface
There is a strong undercurrent near the rocks.
an underlying feeling or influence
There was an undercurrent of tension in the room.
From Greek philanthropia (love of humanity). Famous philanthropists: Andrew Carnegie, Bill and Melinda Gates, Warren Buffett.
the giving of money or other help to those in need
He devoted his fortune to philanthropy.
seeking to promote the welfare of others
She runs several philanthropic foundations.
a person who donates time, money, or effort to help others
He became one of the country's leading philanthropists.
Often associated (stereotypically and unfairly) with wives nagging husbands.
to annoy with persistent complaints or criticism
She nagged him about taking out the trash.
to cause persistent discomfort (of a worry or pain)
A nagging doubt kept him awake.
Often gendered ("nagging wife" stereotype). "Nagging doubt/suspicion": persistent unease. "Nagging injury": chronic minor pain.
persistently bothering
She had a nagging suspicion.
tending to nag
He's gotten naggy in his old age.
"Deaf-mute" is now considered outdated/offensive; "deaf" alone is preferred.
refraining from speech or temporarily speechless
She was mute with shock.
(of a sound) muffled or silenced
He pressed the mute button on the remote.
to deaden or muffle the sound of
He muted the trumpet for the soft passage.
to be absorbed in thought; to say thoughtfully
"I wonder what happened," he mused.
From Greek mythology: the Nine Muses, goddesses of the arts. In modern use, often refers to a romantic figure who inspires creative work.
a source of artistic inspiration, often a person
She was the muse for many of his paintings.
Past tense: mowed. Past participle: mowed or mown. "Mow down" = to kill or knock down in large numbers (often violently).
to cut down (grass or grain)
He mows the lawn every Saturday.
a machine for cutting grass
The mower broke down halfway through the yard.
Sometimes spelled "lawn mower" (two words). Types: push mower, riding mower, robotic mower.
a machine for cutting grass on a lawn
He pushed the lawnmower across the yard.
Plural: mottoes or mottos. Famous: Olympic motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius" (faster, higher, stronger).
a short sentence or phrase expressing a guiding principle
Their family motto is "Honor above all."
From Latin mors (death). "Mortal enemy" = a deadly enemy. "Mortal sin" (Catholic theology) = a sin grave enough to cause damnation.
subject to death; not living forever
All humans are mortal.
causing death; fatal
He suffered a mortal wound.
a human being (especially as contrasted with gods)
Even mortals can dream of glory.
living forever; never dying
In Greek myth, the gods were immortal.
deserving to be remembered forever
She wrote an immortal piece of music.
an immortal being
The poem features both mortals and immortals.
"Mortality rate": the proportion of a population that dies in a given period. "Confronting one's own mortality": accepting that one will die.
the state of being subject to death
Childhood mortality has dropped sharply.
Compare: fatherhood, parenthood, childhood. The "-hood" suffix denotes a state or condition.
the state or experience of being a mother
Motherhood changed her life completely.
Stronger than "awful" or "terrible": implies grotesque or shocking.
having the ugly or frightening appearance of a monster
A monstrous shape loomed in the fog.
shockingly cruel or evil
The dictator committed monstrous acts.
From Greek monos (single) + tonos (tone): originally referring to a single pitch in speech.
lack of variety; tedium
He longed to escape the monotony of office work.
a continuing sound, especially of someone's voice, that is unchanging in pitch and lacks intonation
He spoke in a flat monotone.
dull and lacking in variety
The work was repetitive and monotonous.
"Monetary policy" = a central bank's control over money supply and interest rates. Distinct from "fiscal policy" (government taxation and spending).
relating to money or currency
The country's monetary system is being reformed.
From Greek monarkhes (sole ruler). Modern famous monarchs: Queen Elizabeth II, King Charles III. The monarch butterfly is named for its striking orange-and-black coloring.
a sovereign head of state, especially a king or queen
The monarch addressed the nation on Christmas Day.
relating to or having the characteristics of a monarchy
The country still has a monarchical system.
a supporter of the principle of monarchy
He was a committed monarchist.
a form of government with a monarch at the head
The British monarchy.
In art history, "Modern" specifically refers to roughly 1860-1970; "Contemporary" is what's current.
relating to the present or recent times
He prefers modern art to classical.
British spelling: modernise. Same word, same meaning.
to make modern by adopting new methods or ideas
They are modernizing the factory.
Famous modernists: James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Picasso, Le Corbusier.
a follower of modernism in art or literature
He was an early modernist poet.
having the qualities of modernism
The building has a modernistic design.
Historically the female counterpart of "master". Modern usage is dominated by the third sense (extramarital lover), which has made the formal senses rarer.
a woman in a position of authority or control
She is the mistress of her own fate.
(British, dated) a female teacher
The piano mistress arrived for the lesson.
a woman having an extramarital sexual relationship with a man
She was his mistress for many years.
Usually light/playful: distinct from "malice" (genuine ill intent). Children get into mischief; criminals do something worse.
playful misbehavior, especially by children
The kids were up to mischief in the garden.
harm caused by someone or something
The storm did considerable mischief to the crops.
Common mispronunciation: /mɪsˈtʃiːviəs/ (with extra syllable). Standard is three syllables.
causing or showing a fondness for playful trouble
She gave him a mischievous smile.
Often abbreviated "misc." in lists and headings. From Latin miscellaneus (mixed).
consisting of a variety of different things
The drawer was full of miscellaneous items.
From Latin miraculum (object of wonder). "Miracle on Ice" = the 1980 US Olympic hockey upset of the USSR.
a surprising and welcome event not explicable by natural laws
His recovery was a miracle.
a remarkable example or specimen
The new device is a miracle of engineering.
having the nature of a miracle; remarkable
The surgeon performed a miraculous recovery.
At parties, "mingle" implies moving around and chatting with different people rather than staying in one group.
to mix together
The smells of coffee and toast mingled in the kitchen.
to move about and chat with people at a social event
She mingled with the guests at the reception.
mix or mingle together
Daisies intermingled with the grass.
In economics, distinct from differentiated goods. "Time is a precious commodity": common figurative usage.
a raw material or primary product that can be bought and sold
Oil is one of the world's most important commodities.
a useful or valuable thing
Trust is a rare commodity in politics.
"Mental" alone (informal, especially British) can mean "crazy" ("He's gone mental"): use with care.
relating to the mind
She has excellent mental arithmetic.
relating to disorders or illnesses of the mind
Mental health awareness is improving.
Calculated from IQ tests; concept introduced by Alfred Binet in the early 1900s.
a measure of a person's mental development compared to a typical chronological age
The child has a mental age of seven.
More clinical modern terms: "psychiatric hospital", "psychiatric facility".
a hospital for people with mental illnesses
He spent six months in a mental hospital.
a characteristic way of thinking
He has a winning mentality.